An Inspector Calls Essay -- English Literature

An Inspector Calls 'An Inspector Calls' is a play written by JB Priestley in 1945 and set in 1912. Priestley demonstrates his concern with moral responsibility and his beliefs in Socialist values through the character of the Inspector, whom he uses as a mouthpiece throughout the play. He voices his opinions on these issues using this technique, and they are shown by the way the Inspector deals with the Birling family and are exemplified by the obstacles to social harmony in which the Inspector has to face before coming to a suitable and justifiable conclusion. The play was written in 1945 - within a week of World War Two ending - but set in 1912, when Britain still had its Empire and was doing very well financially. The time span between the two dates is Priestley's way of expressing a feeling of urgency he thought necessary to pass on to society after the events of 1945. Although the war had ended, society in Britain in 1945 was still experiencing the hardships that it had brought. New books were printed under the wartime economy regulations, continuing the shortage of paper and therefore resulting in the books being expensive - too expensive for any working class person to purchase. However, in 1912 some things were different. Society did not have the burden of the war hanging over their heads, but life for the poor did not differ much from 1945. Edwardian society was strictly divided into social classes; below the very rich were the middle classes, such as doctors, merchants, shop workers and clerks. After that came the craftsman and skilled workers, and at the very bottom of the social ladder was the largest class of all - the ordinary workers and the poor, many of whom lived below the poverty... .... It is also contradictory to a section of one of Arthur Birling's speeches: "By the way some of these cranks talk and write now, you'd think everybody has to look after everybody else" which is the complete opposite to what the Inspector is announcing. The passage also anticipates World War One, in the sense that at the very end, the Inspector says "if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish" - this, to the Birlings, is a prophetic statement, but the reader and audience are aware of it as it has already come to pass. To emphasise that idea, the Inspector lengthens the list of words he mentions; instead of just using a comma between "fire" and "blood", he chooses to use 'and', which sensationalises the comment and makes it sound somewhat more important than if he had just normally listed those specific words.

Osteoarthritis Essay

Osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease is defined as a form of arthritis in which one or many joints undergo degenerative changes, including subchondral bony sclerosis, loss of articular cartilage, and proliferation of bone spurs or osteophytes and cartilage in the joint, according to Mosby’s Medical Dictionary (Anderson, 2001). Bullock, on the other hand, defines osteoarthritis as destruction of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone with cyst and osteophyte formation (Bullock and Henze, 2000). Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis affecting more than 20 million people in the country (Shiel, 2008). Osteoarthritis is usually acquired by the elderly (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). In males, there is a greater chance of contracting osteoarthritis before the age of 45, while in females, the greater chance is after the age of 45 (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Osteoarthritis can be called primary osteoarthritis when there is no known cause, or it has an idiopathic etiology and it is called secondary osteoarthritis when it is caused by another underlying disease condition (Shiel, 2008). Risk factors that can predispose an individual to developing this disease condition are an increased age, obesity, previous joint damage, trauma to joint due to repetitive use, occupations that involve carpet installation, construction working, farming and sports injuries, anatomic deformity, and genetic susceptibility (Kaplan, 2007). Osteoarthritis most often targets weight bearing joints at the hips, knees and cervical and lumbar spinal area; it also affects finger joints, most especially those at the proximal and distal regions (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Osteoarthritis occurs when the articular cartilage matrix is depleted thus exposing the basic collagen structure (Bullock and Henze, 2000). Due to the stress of everyday usage of the affected joint, the articular cartilage matrix will try to spread this compression hydrostatically but will fail to do so. This will cause the collagen fibers to rupture and the articular cartilage will flake, fissure and erode (Bullock and Henze, 2000). The exposed subchondral bone will crack and the synovial fluid will enter the cracks towards the marrow, and subchondral cysts are formed (Bullock and Henze, 2000). Since the subchondral bone is already exposed, there will be proliferation of fibroblasts in order to form new bone in this area. The periosteal bone growth increases at the joint margins and at the attachment sites of ligament or tendons and will develop into bone spurs or ridges called osteophytes (Bullock and Henze, 2000). The development of osteophytes will lead to an increase in synovial capsule size which in turn causes limited movement (Bullock and Henze, 2000). Also, osteophyte formation will irritate nerve endings in the periosteum causing pain (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Both the pain and movement limitation causes functional impairment in and individual suffering from osteoarthritis (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis include the symptoms of pain, most specifically joint pain, possibly due to an inflamed synovium, stretching of the joint capsule or ligaments, irritation of nerve endings in the periosteum over the osteophytes, trabecular microfracture, intraosseous hypertension, bursitis, tendonitis, and muscle spasm (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). There is stiffness which is usually experienced in the morning but has a less than fifteen minutes duration and can be lessened with movement (Gardner, 2005). The patient’s functional impairment is due to pain on movement and his or her limited motion is due to the structural changes in the joints and is seen as Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Physical assessment for osteoarthritis will reveal tender and enlarged joints (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Diagnostic tests of choice will be an x-ray of the affected area and it will show narrowing of the joint space due to progressive loss of the cartilage (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Osteoarthritis can be managed with conservative treatment, pharmacologic treatment, and surgical management. Conservative treatment involves heat application, weight reduction if obese, joint rest and avoidance of overuse, use of orthotic devices to support the affected joints, and isometric and postural exercises (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Medications to give patients include an analgesic therapy and acetaminophen is the drug of choice, glucosamine and chondroitin can be given too, to improve tissue function (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Surgical management involves osteotomy, arthroplasty and tidal irrigation of the knee (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004).

Elephant Evolution Phosphatherium to the Woolly Mammoth

Thanks to a hundred years of Hollywood movies, many people are convinced that mammoths, mastodons and other prehistoric elephants lived alongside dinosaurs. In fact, these huge, lumbering beasts evolved from the tiny, mouse-sized mammals that survived the K/T Extinction 65 million years ago. And the first mammal even remotely recognizable as a primitive elephant didnt appear until five million years after the dinosaurs went kaput.   The Phosphatherium That creature was Phosphatherium, a small, squat, pig-sized herbivore that popped up in Africa about 60 million years ago. Classified by paleontologists as the earliest known proboscid (an order of mammals distinguished by their long, flexible noses), Phosphatherium looked and behaved more like a pygmy hippopotamus than an early elephant. The giveaway was this creatures tooth structure: we know that the tusks of elephants evolved from incisors rather than canines, and Phosphatheriums choppers fit the evolutionary bill. The two most notable proboscids after Phosphatherium were Phiomia and Moeritherium, which also lived in northern African swamps and woodlands circa 37-30 million years ago. The better known of the two, Moeritherium, sported a flexible upper lip and snout, as well as extended canines that (in light of future elephant developments) could be considered rudimentary tusks. Like a small hippo, Moeritherium spent most of its time half-submerged in swamps; its contemporary Phiomia was more elephant-like, weighing about half a ton and dining on terrestrial (rather than marine) vegetation. Yet another northern African proboscid of this time was the confusingly named Palaeomastodon, which should not be confused with the Mastodon (genus name Mammut) that ruled the North American plains 20 million years later. Whats important about Palaeomastodon is that it was recognizably a prehistoric elephant, demonstrating that by 35 million years ago nature had pretty much settled on the basic pachyderm body plan (thick legs, long trunk, large size and tusks). Toward True Elephants: Deinotheres and Gomphotheres Twenty-five million years or so after the dinosaurs went extinct, the first proboscids appeared that could easily be discerned as prehistoric elephants. The most important of these, from an evolutionary perspective, were the gomphotheres (bolted mammals), but the most impressive were the deinotheres, typified by Deinotherium (terrible mammal). This 10-ton proboscid sported downward-curving lower tusks and was one of the largest mammals ever to roam the earth; in fact, Deinotherium may have inspired tales of giants in historical times, since it survived well into the Ice Age. As terrifying as Deinotherium was, though, it represented a side branch in elephant evolution. The real action was among the gomphotheres, the odd name of which derives from their welded, shovel-like lower tusks, which were used to dig for plants in soft, swampy ground. The signature genus, Gomphotherium, was especially widespread, stomping across the lowlands of North America, Africa and Eurasia from about 15 million to 5 million years ago. Two other gomphotheres of this era--Amebelodon (shovel tusk) and Platybelodon (flat tusk)--had even more distinctive tusks, so much so that these elephants went extinct when the lakebeds and riverbeds where they dredged up food went dry. The Difference Between Mammoths and Mastodons Few things in natural history are as confusing as the difference between mammoths and mastodons. Even these elephants scientific names seem designed to befuddle kids: what we know informally as the North American Mastodon goes by the genus name Mammut, while the genus name for the Woolly Mammoth is the confusingly similar Mammuthus (both names partake of the same Greek root, meaning earth burrower). Mastodons are the more ancient of the two, evolving from gomphotheres about 20 million years ago and persisting well into historical times. As a rule, mastodons had flatter heads than mammoths, and they were also slightly smaller and bulkier. More importantly, the teeth of mastodons were well-adapted to grinding the leaves of plants, whereas mammoths grazed on grass, like modern cattle. Mammoths emerged on the historical scene much later than mastodons, popping up in the fossil record about two million years ago and, like mastodons, surviving well into the last Ice Age (which, along with the hairy coat of the North American Mastodon, accounts for much of the confusion between these two elephants). Mammoths were slightly bigger and more widespread than mastodons, and had fatty humps on their necks, a much-needed source of nutrition in the harsh northern climates in which some species lived.   The Woolly Mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, is one of the best-known of all prehistoric animals since entire specimens have been found encased in Arctic permafrost. Its not beyond the realm of possibility that scientists will one day sequence the  complete genome of the Woolly Mammoth and gestate a cloned fetus in the womb of a modern elephant! There is one important thing mammoths and mastodons shared in common: both of these prehistoric elephants managed to survive well into historical times (as late as 10,000 to 4,000 B.C.), and both were hunted to extinction by early humans.

Analysis of Home in the Grapes of Wrath - 877 Words

â€Å"You can leave home all you want, but home will never leave you.† Sonsyrea Tate. Tate’s quote has distinct meaning depending on the individual who analyzes it. Many believe this quote to mean that a home is not a single place or object, but a concept or state of mind, which you have when you are around your family or loved ones. In the book The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck this idea of â€Å"home is where the heart is,† is shown throughout the book. One of the main characters, Ma, shows with great strength the concept of home is not a dwelling or place where you live, but a state of mind. Ma, throughout the course of the book understood that a home is not a place, but where you are with your family. During the course of the book Ma takes†¦show more content†¦She was also upset about the family breaking apart when Noah, and Connie left on their own. She believed a family must stay together even in tough times. She did not care where they would l ive, as long as wherever they were the family would remain together, because she understood the concept of a home being where your loved ones are. In one of the final chapters of the book Ruthie out of anger tell about how Tom killed a man. So Ma out of fear goes to meet Tom, there they discus what Tom should do. Although Ma is worried about Tom and his safety where he goes, Tom makes a speech about where he would be. One part being â€Å"An’ when our folks eat the stuff they raise an’ live in the houses they build- why, I’ll be there.† (Steinbeck, 537) Tom makes mention of a house as a single location; while Ma is not concerned with that, as she is more concerned about Tom’s safety saying how is she going to know if he is hurt or killed. This can be taken as even though her fear of breaking the family apart, she is worried whether Tom can be safe. Showing how even though a person can leave a â€Å"home.† They still take part of the home a c arry it with them for the rest of their life. Homes are simply not places or a possession, but the love of the family you surround yourself with. Ma is one of the only characters in the book that truly realizes this. Some characters, such as Rose of Sharon, are focused on the possessions in life and only see home as a location.Show MoreRelatedThe Grapes of Wrath: The Role of Ma Joad1252 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter in those around us. Those who are strong are divided from the weak and the followers divide from the leaders. In the novel, The Grapes of Wrath, author John Steinbeck presents the character Ma Joad who serves an important role as the rock that keeps the family together. The Joad family, apart from many families in Oklahoma, is forced to leave their homes in search of work and better opportunities; California not only leaves them in poverty but despair. But through it all Ma Joad is the leaderRead More The Pain of the Okies Exposed in The Grapes of Wrath Essay1485 Word s   |  6 PagesThe Pain of the Okies Exposed in The Grapes of Wrath      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dust bowl was an ecological and human disaster in the Southwestern Great Plains regions of the United States in the 1930s. The areas affected were Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. The poor handling of the land and years of drought caused this great disaster (Jones History). During this time the Okies--a name given to the migrants that traveled from Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, or anywhere in the Southwest or the northernRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that in my opinion illustrates the terrible conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930s were forced to live under. This novel in a very descriptive and emotional way tells of one familys migration west to California from Oklahoma (the Joad family) through the great economic depression of the 1930s. The story revolves around the family having to abandon their home andRead MoreEssay about The Grapes of Wrath - Lifestyle in the 1930s1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath is a historical and fictional novel that was written by John Steinbeck in 1939. He wanted to show his point of view of life in US during the years of Great Depression. This essay will talk about the lifestyle the public had during that time which dramatically changed conditions that the environment in we stern part of US had. The plot of Steinbeck?s work of fiction is rooted in the historical and social events of 1930s America, specifically the environmental disaster in OklahomaRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis- the Grapes of Wrath967 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis- The Grapes of Wrath â€Å"You don’ know what you’re a-doin’,† were Casy’s last words before he died as a martyr. Casy died for his cause, his belief that the elite were not truly aware of how their greed was causing the suffering of the weak and that the weak could only surpass their sorrows if they worked together. Steinbeck uses chapter 25 of Grapes of Wrath to portray this very message. Steinbeck uses an array of rhetorical devices such as symbolism and the use of a instructiveRead More Damsels in Distress Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdepiction in his novels, The Grapes of Wrath in particular. In the novel, The Grapes of Wrath the roles in which Stienbeck portrayed the women was contrary to the common roles of women, in the economic depression the United States suffered through in the 1930’s, which is the time period in which the book was set. Examining his portrayal of the female characters throughout the book one sees, the women becoming strong, do minant characters, and family leaders. In The Grapes of Wrath, the actions of Ma JoadRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath: an Analysis of Rosasharn Essay examples717 Words   |  3 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath: An Analysis of Rose of Sharon Some people grow up naturally, stage by stage. Other people stay immature longer and are forced to grow up rapidly because of the situations that come upon them. In John Steinbeck’s Dust Bowl epic The Grapes of Wrath, the figure perfectly representing this is Rose of Sharon. At the beginning of the novel, Rose of Sharon (or Rosasharn as she is called by the rest of the Joad family) is the eldest daughter of the Joad family, and is dreamy andRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1093 Words   |  5 Pages In John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath, Tom Joad and his family are forced from their home during the 1930’s Oklahoma Dust Bowl and set out for California along with thousands of others in search of jobs, land, and hope for a brighter future. The Grapes of Wrath is Steinbeck’s way to expound about the injustice and hardship of real migrants during the Depression-era. He utilizes accurate factual information, somber imagery, and creates pathos, allowing readers connections to the Joad’s plightRead MoreMovie Essay for Grapes of Wrath1674 Words   |  7 PagesSociology M, 2-5 Grapes of Wrath Essay This assignment allowed me the opportunity to use my sociological perspective to analyze the film ‘The Grapes of Wrath. The Grapes of Wrath is a book made into a movie, based on the great depression of the 30s. It follows the Joad family, who has been forced off their family farm by the government, as they try to find a new settlement and head west to California after receiving flyers for high wage work in fruit orchards. This true story does anRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1174 Words   |  5 PagesCody Kunzman 10/26/2014 The Grapes of Wrath Paper â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† written by John Steinbeck is a classic America novel to say the least. Not only did he create such an inspiring and detailed story line but it was followed up by an Oscar nominated film directed by John Ford. The similarities and differences within the book and the film are very controversial and being able to break down what all happened in each will help a rhetorical analysis to take place in this paper. Rhetorically speaking

Types Of Governments Of Ancient Greece And Rome - 970 Words

After removing themselves from under the power of England, the former colonies, now states, were fiercely independent, a trait that was further reinforced by the American Revolution. As such, The Federalist essays oft use many examples based on the types of governments of Ancient Greece and Rome. Such examples were common as during the era, the educated man would be most familiar of these republics in their knowledge of political theory. As such, any arguments made by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay would be explained in a clear concise way to the common man, allowing them to empathize and potentially be swayed. Under the pseudonym â€Å"Publius† these three politicians would, over the course of a year between October 1787 and August 1788, published 85 articles that not only expounded upon the virtues of the Constitution and a strong central government, they also challenged the Articles of Confederation, the preceding constitution that allowed the states to remain independent and sovereign. The AoC, they claimed, led to an ineffectual government and would only lead to the newly freed states to splinter off eventually into separate governments given enough time. The new Constitution must override these Articles and usher in a better, more centralized form of government, and the Federalist Papers were the best way to convince the public to ratify it. Following a short foreword by Hamilton, Jay would be the first to attack. He was blunt, stating that the people no longer believe thatShow MoreRelatedGreek And Roman Comparisons And Contributions1698 Words   |  7 PagesContributions Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are responsible for many facets in today’s world. In fact, when reviewing history, the Greeks and Romans are sometimes confused with one another. There are many shared traditions, but yet there are many differences between the two. The countries are both Mediterranean, however they had different social class structures, different mythology, and placed different values on life. Ancient Greece was vibrant in the fifth century B.C., but Rome was not in it’sRead MoreGreece s Impact On The World1360 Words   |  6 Pagestime and comparing the ancient civilizations of Rome and Greece to today, the root of our knowledge are greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impact on United States and the world and some may contradict and say Greece had the most influence. However, Greece influenced the worl d and United States the most in tremendous ways. Greece gave the United StatesRead MoreClassical Civilizations of Ancient Greece, Rome, and China Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagescivilizations of Greece, Rome, and China have done this, but what sets them apart from the others is their lasting significance and lasting impact they had on the world. For this reason, they are considered classical civilizations. To describe how Greece, Rome, and Han China are classical, there are three systems that are used; these are Economic, Social, and Political. Out of these three classical civilizations, Greece came first in history. An important invention of Greece was its plumbingRead MoreGreece s Impact On The World1335 Words   |  6 Pagesand comparing the ancient civilizations of Rome and Greece to today, the root of our knowledge is greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impact on United States and the world and some may contradict and say Greece had the most influence. However, Greece influenced the world and the United States the most in tremendous ways. Greece gave the United StatesRead MoreWomen Of The Roman Empire1022 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Roman Empire, and in most ancient societies, the role and status of woman has been obscured by the bias of ancient male writers. Just as women are viewed in ancient Greece, and Imperial China, women in the Roman Empire were viewed a s inferior to men. In the Roman Empire it was believed that women should be under the control of a guardian, which controls the aspects of her life. This guardian could be her father, husband, or a male relative (Nystrom). Marriage in the Roman Empire was not romanticRead MoreThe Golden Ages : Greece, Rome, and China Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesGolden Ages : Greece, Rome, and China The Golden Ages of Greece, Rome, and China were periods when certain cultures reached many achievements in certain fields. These fields could include drama, poetry, sculpture, philosophy, architecture, math or science. Their achievements in education, technology, and government have greatly influenced modern society. The artistic and literal legacies of these periods continue to instruct and inspire people today (Beck 120). In Ancient Greece, the great heightsRead MoreEssay Greek and Roman Governments772 Words   |  4 PagesGreek and Roman Governments The Greek democratic and Roman republic governments each had their own positive and negative aspects making them similar, yet exclusively different. Both have had tremendous influences on governments in our modern world. Rome was a republic where the leaders were chosen through voting, while Greece practiced a more direct democracy in which the citizens participated in the crucial decision-making within the government. This paper will attempt to diagnose theRead MoreHomosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome Essay example1353 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality in ancient Greece and Rome Americans endlessly recycle the old conflicts: first we fought about slavery, then segregation, then gender, and now sexual orientation-(Anon). Homosexuality is an on-going conflict in America, as well as other countries. The history of homosexuality goes back to the ancient civilizations. As we have different ideas and ways of dealing with it, so did the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. Ancient Greece is considered asRead MoreHow Strongly Ancient Societies Affected The Formation Of Today s Society1434 Words   |  6 Pagesaims to investigate how strongly ancient societies affected the formation of today’s society, by analyzing several characteristics basically originating from civilisations of Ancient Antiquity such as Greece and Rome. The civilized culture is dated back to ancient Greeks and Romans. Their contribution to philosophy, literature and politics has undeniably helped to form notions of modern Western cultures. This is because, assorted essential features in the life of Ancient Greeks and Romans which willRead MoreGreece And Rome : Models For The U.s. Constitution1564 Words   |  7 PagesLiz Mairena Survey of U.S. History; Section 28 Dr. Marlin Due date: 04/29/16 Greece and Rome: Models for The U.S. Constitution ​The United States Constitution was carefully crafted by a group of deliberate and thoughtful individuals; each having their own unique and particular ideas about government, and the people it may govern. As this supreme foundation for government was molded, each founding father put forth their learned beliefs and philosophies to be integrated into this modern document. All

How Dinosaurs Came to Disappear Free Essays

In this regard, the paper is going to look at the different theories such as sex, drugs, and disaster.. Focusing on the theories used to determine the causes of extinction of these big mammals, one of the critical theories that Gould considers is sex. We will write a custom essay sample on How Dinosaurs Came to Disappear or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this theory, it said that since testes function under low temperatures that are biologically friendly, the sudden increase in temperate during the cretaceous era may have caused the testes to become dysfunctional (Gould). As such dinosaurs disappeared from the earth due to lack of procreation. Another theoretical approach asserts that around the same time, vegetation produce contained contaminated agents which affected the survival of the animals. Additionally, the occurrence of certain disasters such as comet hitting the earth may have created a shade of powder in the sky thereby suppressing the photosynthesis process and fundamentally lowering globe temperature, which made dinosaurs to vanish. On account of logos appeal, the author of the author chooses a previous study that was conducted during the sass. This study focused on one of the close relatives of the dinosaur. The aim was to establish functional traits, especially those focusing on the biological attributes of the animal that can be associated with the dinosaur. In this regard, the study focused on the tolerance of the alligator to extreme heat. The study assessed the amount of heat that alligators can absorb and how this can affect their existence. As such, using an example of an alligator, Gould shows that temperature can cause them to loose the functionality of their physiological system, which is critical for maintaining their temperature. This implies that these creatures have experience suffering during the experience and this causes them to become dysfunctional. Still on the logos appeal, the study also focused on the experience of large mammals such as the dinosaur when there are extreme temperature fluctuations. Gould asserts that large mammals that have fairly small areas can release heat through a gradual process that enables them to maintain constant temperatures. This only takes place when there are ordinary fluctuations of weather conditions. The author uses a logical appeal to convince the reader that the dinosaur hat became extinct years back had a hefty size, which was too big to be affected by temperature fluctuations. The author uses the study to support his claims. Gould also asserts that large dinosaurs lived in favorable climates where temperature was normal. In this regard, the author recommends that any rise in universal temperatures before the Cretaceous annihilation may have caused the dinosaurs to warm up than their premium tolerance. Since they were bulky, this surplus heat may not have been extreme to kill or even to hamper functionality of the great beasts. However, Gould seems to agree with the previous theoretical position regarding the impact of temperature on testes. Earlier, it was suggested that they work best within a slim range of temperature. As a result, this surplus heat may have sterilized all the male dinosaurs. As such, they were unable to procreate successfully and give rise to future off springs. On ethos appeal, the author brings into light the truth about the drug overdose theory, which claimed that dinosaurs disappeared because their nutrition was interfered with the growth of these bitter and toxic plants. The author agrees that indeed blossoming plants did not develop until tardy in the dinosaurs’ regime. He adds that the shrubs produced pungent amino-acid-based alkaloids. However, to claim that these plants could have poisoned the dinosaurs and caused them to disappear was unethical. Gould claims that majority of mammals are able to use their instincts and taste preferences to avoid eating poisonous plants. Even though the plants may have been bitter, mammals have livers that are able to produce antidotes to attack the poison. Indeed, this claim makes sense because it is unethical to overlook the biological functionality of the body and its ability to protect the body against toxins. The original study by Siegel claimed that dinosaurs could neither accommodate the flavor of the bitter plants nor cure the food they ingested. Indeed, the only way these animals may have been poisoned was through an overdose. Is there such evidence of an overdose? On pathos appeal, the author attempts to appeal to the emotional centre of the reader by looking at the outer space probes that have a deep association on the literature of dinosaurs destruction, The argument rose yet again in 1979, after a long pause, when the father-son, physicist-geologist squad of Luis and Walter anticipated that an asteroid, some 13 km in thickness, struck the ground 66 million years ago. The strength of such a crash would be massive, greater by distant than the Jumbo tonnage of all the world’s nuclear arms. In trying to rebuild a scenario that would elucidate the synchronized disappearing of dinosaurs on terrain and so many creatures in the aquatic the team proposed that a gargantuan grime shade, caused by particles blown up in the illusion would so dim the earth that photosynthesis (growing of vegetation) would stop and temperatures drop abruptly. The single-celled photosynthetic marine plants, with existence cycles calculated in weeks, would expire completely, but land plants might stay breathing throughout due to the capability of their seeds. Dinosaurs would die by malnourishment and glacial atmosphere; miniature, warm- blooded mammals, with added humble necessities for food and better guideline of body hotness, would yelp through. Indeed, the author figuratively brings out the Lloyd destruction in a way that makes it look like an end of the existence of living things. The reader is left with a vivid image of a humongous object flying from the outers pace, coming at a great speed, and hitting directly on the habitat of dinosaurs. As such, the reader is able to associate this story to similar stories such as those found in the bible, for example, the destruction of the Babylon city. In conclusion, the author does a great Job of analyzing the theories by focusing on the background information, present belief system, application of science, and reality. The theories proposed by the scientists give rise to a number of questions such as how could we likely settle on whether the idea that the rise of temperatures caused testes of the dinosaurs to become dysfunctional and consequently unable to give rise to new offspring? Can this be applied in consideration to the biological realities that we know about? Indeed, this theory carries weight to make a logical appeal to the reader. Could they keep away from the high heat by staying in the shade or caves? On the other hand, the article leaves the reader wondering whether the dinosaurs had a pacific diet that they relied upon and whether this disappeared at the time the bitter shrubs were sprouting. How to cite How Dinosaurs Came to Disappear, Papers

Business Project Management

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Project Management. Answer: Introduction: Definition of Project Methodology Sheffield and Lemtayer, (2013) stated that the term project management methodology is referred to as a combination of logically relevant organizational processes, practices and methods that enable a successful evaluation of a project within the organization. The methodology has the capability to plan, develop and maintain a project implemented within the organization. Additionally, the methodology continues working appropriately until the designed project implement properly. According to Partsch, (2012) project management is a scientifically proven systematic and organized approach that helps to implement and execute a proper business plan. Role Plays of Project Management It plays vital role in every organizational structure. This is the initial step as the rest of the processes follow these steps. The concept of project management was traditionally and today also implemented in every organization to manage the project process and to reduce the risks that might occur within the organization (Lewandowski Wierzbicki, 2013). It consists of series of constructive stages. The role plays by project methodologies are followed: It is used to measure the feasibility study of the project that is whether the project that is going to be implemented is feasible in the competitive marketplace or not. It is used to calculate weather the software, hardware and the network platform using for the project planning are beneficial for the organization or not (Mahalakshmi Sundararajan, 2013). Initially it helps to predict the maintenance cost. During the implementation of the project methodologies it plays the role on black box and white box testing where the software developer team measures the validation and verification of the software product. One of the traditional approaches is classical waterfall model. The model is easy to process and most of the organizations use this model to implement the planned project (Kumar, Zadgaonkar Shukla, 2013). Though waterfall model is easy to design but in real rather practical life the implementation of this model is not possible. These methodologies play a vital role in the project management. Project management can also represent the hierarchical structure (John Kadadevaramath, 2014). These are as followed: Project management framework Methodology Lifecycle stages Process and process management Tasks and activities Different Methodologies Selection of two Methodologies Among different project methodologies and processes that are implemented in organizations two project mythologies are selected: Waterfall model and SDLC (Software development lifecycle). These are the most efficient product methodologies used in differ organizations in order to improve the organizational outcome. Figure 1: Waterfall Model (Source: Sheffield Lemtayer, 2013, pp- 460) Analyses Compare and Contrast Between SDLC and Waterfall Waterfall model and SDLC models both are used in for the organizational project development. There is a different between SDLC and Waterfall model. Software development life cycle models are of different types such as- classical waterfall, evolutionary, prototype, spiral model (Lewandowski Wierzbicki, 2013). It means that SDLC contains all the features of waterfall but waterfall model does not contain all the features of SDLC. SDLC Waterfall model SDLC is the parental model of the entire software development model which is contains requirement, design, development, testing and maintenance. Waterfall model consists of 6 steps such as- feasibility study, requirements gathering, requirements analysis, designing, modeling, coding and unit testing, integrated testing implementation and maintenance. Spiral model is another sub model of SDLC, which is meta model because it contains the integrated features of evolutionary model, prototype model (Kumar, Zadgaonkar Shukla, 2013). Waterfall model is easy to design but in real life projects the implementation is not appreciable. In prototype model a dummy model is initially used and all the experiments go through the dummy and then according to the consumers demand changes are made. This model is formed in the initial stage and cannot be changed after implementation (Partsch, 2012). According to the users demand a core model is designed in the evolutionary model and changes are made step by step (Sheffield and Lemtayer, 201). This is not a user friendly project model and thus, can be used in real life organizational experiments. Relationship of SDLC and Waterfall Models to the Project Life Cycle (PLC) The SDLC and Waterfall models are widely used in Project life cycles. The project life cycle model firmly focuses on the phases, processes, tools, knowledge and skills that are required to manage an organizational project development. SDLC is a part of PLC and waterfall model is a part of SDLC (Mahalakshmi Sundararajan, 2013). The development activities followed in PLC includes five steps of management such as setting of the organizational goal, planning of the project, execution of the project, closing and evaluation of the project. References John, B., Kadadevaramath, R. S. (2014). A methodology for achieving the design review defect density goals in software development process.International Journal of Manufacturing, Industrial Management Engineering,2(1), 181-191. Kumar, N., Zadgaonkar, A. S., Shukla, A. (2013). Evolving a new software development life cycle model SDLC-2013 with client satisfaction.International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE),3(1), 2231-2307. Lewandowski, A., Wierzbicki, A. P. (Eds.). (2013).Aspiration based decision support systems: theory, software and applications(Vol. 331). Springer Science Business Media. Mahalakshmi, M., Sundararajan, M. (2013). Traditional SDLC Vs Scrum MethodologyA Comparative Study.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,3(6), 192-196. Partsch, H. A. (2012).Specification and transformation of programs: a formal approach to software development. Springer Science Business Media. Sheffield, J., Lemtayer, J. (2013). Factors associated with the software development agility of successful projects.International Journal of Project Management,31(3), 459-472.